TAU 6: Tiny bubbles while heating water...

  THINGS AROUND US

6. Tiny bubbles while heating water...

The bubble's been engineered to allow us to learn from within it. 

-Alexandra Adornetto

Bubbles are so fascinating, even the universe can be explained using a bubble. It contains so much scientific beauty in it. Bubbles can be produced in many ways naturally and manually, sometimes it is created when we don't notice or when we don't notice them. One such everyday scenario is while boiling water. Tiny bubbles are formed when the water just starts to heat and then it becomes big and vigorous while the water starts to boil. As bubbles have many sciences to observe in this we are going to observe only the cause of the tiny bubbles while heating water.  

There are many things that we can learn from water. This is one of the interesting concepts to encounter. How does water boil? Is a good question to investigate in the sense of basic science and industrial applications. Now we are only concerned about the bubbles. 

Take some water in a pan. As the water warms, air molecules are driven out of solution in the water (in basic sense water is a solution containing dissolved minerals and gases), collecting as tiny bubbles in crevices or the microscopic cracks along the bottom of the pan and the curved surface of the pan. The air bubbles gradually inflate (becomes big), and then they begin to pinch off from the crevices and rise to the top surface of the water. As they leave, more air bubbles form in the crevices and pinch off i.e., they come up towards the surface, until the supply of air in the water is depleted. The formation of air bubbles is a sign that the water is heating but has nothing to do with boiling, this is an important aspect to understand in this article.

Are microscopic cracks real?

Yes, these are real. Even the smoothest surface will have these irregularities. Here is an image from a scientific article that shows it.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/ra/c7ra00267j

These are mainly due to the corrosion of the surface by continuous use and manufacturing defect which can not avoid. 

Why these tiny bubbles are formed?

Water that is directly exposed to the atmosphere boils at what is sometimes called its normal boiling temperature say 100° celsius when the air pressure is 1 atmosphere which is a normal condition. The water at the bottom of the pan is not directly exposed to the atmosphere so it remains liquid even when it superheats above 100°C by as much as a few degrees. During this process, the water is constantly mixed by convection as hot water rises and cooler water descends sometimes we can see this as a shadow moving inside the pan. As the temperature of the pan increaces, the bottom layer of water begins to vaporize(converts to gas), with water molecules gathering in small vapor bubbles in the crevices. This phase of boiling is signaled by pops, pings, and eventually buzzing. Every time a vapor bubble expands upward into slightly cooler water, the bubble suddenly collapses because the vapor within it condenses. Each collapse sends out a sound wave (Not always seen but happens at a small level), the ping you hear. Once the temperature of the bulk water increases, the bubbles may not collapse until after they pinch off from the crevices and ascend part of the way to the top surface of the water. 

The bubble grows, pinches off, and then ascends through the water

If the temperature of the pan is still increased, the babel of collapsing bubbles first grows louder and then disappears. The noise begins to soften when the bulk liquid is sufficiently hot that the vapor bubbles reach the top surface of the water. There they pop open with a light splash. The water is now in full boil. Once the pan and bulk of water reach the boiling temperature, the vapor bubbles next become so abundant and pinch off from their crevices so frequently that they coalesce or merge, forming columns of vapor that violently and chaotically agitate (Churn) upward, sometimes meeting previously detached ‘‘slugs’’ of vapor.

The production of vapor bubbles and columns is called nucleate boiling because the formation and growth of the bubbles depend on crevices serving as nucleating sites (or sites of formation).  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleate_boiling

Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

TAU1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/04/mysteries-of-fountain-pen.html

TAU2 : https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/06/tau2-egg-is-violating-physics.html

TAU3: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/07/tau-3-color-of-clouds.html

TAU4: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/07/tau-4-peace-be-with-elements.html

 

W6: Water and life

 WATER AND LIFE 

Where there's water on Earth, you find life as we know it. So if you find water somewhere else, it becomes a remarkable draw to look closer to see if life of any kind is there, even if it's bacterial, which would be extraordinary for the field of biology. 

-Neil deGrasse Tyson 

Life in water

https://twistedsifter.com/2014/05/magnified-seawater-by-david-littschwager/magnified-seawater-by-david-littschwager-4/

Always water is associated with life. As the quot says where there is water there is life. Water is always associated with life. It is because of its important properties. The special properties of water make it so unique that the life on earth has evolved with it. Data says that on Earth we have 3% of pure water of which 0.5% is in liquid form. You may think that 3% among 100%  is a very small quantity among the growing population. I may say no because 3% is so huge that it has been serving as our only water source for hundreds of years. So it is our lack of attention has caused water problems in many major cities and low profile villages. 

In this we will know how water supports life. It is very important to understand it because without water we humans are out of life in 3 to 5 days. "Even though water is a nonliving thing it is the origin of living things."

What makes water so important for life?

Every drop of naturally available drop of water contains life in it. If we see at a very basic yet fascinating form of life, a single celled organism say amoeba. The most essential function for any thing is to do work in order to survive. Say take a engine if you do not give fuel it will not run and at the same time if the exhaust is not opened the engine will collapse. So the same principle apply to a living organism in order to survive, let it be a singled cell organism or the great blue whale. Their process may be different but their functions ate the same. So to do work, energy is needed.

Again take a engine, a fuel essentially contains carbon in it. As in solid form carbon is nothing but coal. Let me ask you, If you put coal in your car or bike will it run? No. So the carbon in liquid form is the fuel i.e. petrol or diesel. So due to the nature and availability of fuel in nature the liquid form and the gaseous from are dominant (Flossie fuel and natural gas). So by nature it can be seen that the liquid form is very important medium through which we can get energy. In a similar way due to ease of availability of water in liquid form in the normal surface temperate of earth. Water can be a essential medium to gain energy.

Water is nicked named as the universal solvent. which means that water can dissolve all the kinds elements and molecules of its type. As we can see the petrol or diesel that we use for the vehicles are not the pure form of fossil fuels or natural gas. Some additive like sulfur, lead other types of oxygents (helps to burn fast) are added so that the efficiency and the output of the fuel will increase in order to power the engine in a more efficient way. So for organisms these additives are called as nutrients, which are essentially our food in a primary view point. Now due to the polar nature of water and as most of the nutrients found in nature are in the polar or ionic form they easily stay with water naturally. Even rain water will contain small amount of  nutrients. These nutrients are not available like a butter block, they are trapped  in the earth's surface, So as water runs in the land it takes all the nutrients available add becomes a potential carrier of nutrients, which is the primary form of energy providers to the living organisms. 

Salt dissolved in water

http://web.fscj.edu/Milczanowski/psc/lect/Ch10/slide914.jpg

So, the liquid form and the unique nature if water to dissolve many things due to its polarity makes it a important part of life.

How water does its job? 

Take the amoeba. The function can be better explained using this single celled organism. Like our skin which protects us from the environment and helps to feel the surrounding and helps to cool the body. In a similar way the amoeba has a outer membrane which separates the organism from the environment. It also has other functions. As we humans have mouth to eat and leave out the waste through urine and stool. Amoeba dose not have such things, so the membrane acts as inlet and outlet.

Real picture of a amoeba, taking its food.

http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch28/amoeba.html 

Note on membrane 

Technically a membrane is a thin flexible sheet forming a barrier or a lining. So in living organisms each organisms has a membrane. Even our skin is a membrane. Essentially we can carry thing on the other side of the membrane by creating pressure difference. So it can act as a barrier from one side and act as a channel from the other side.

Egg membrane. This is how a membrane looks.

https://theuijunkie.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eggmembrane.jpg

Which medium is good for making the membrane efficient

A membrane is very thin and sensitive even some membrane breaks due to loud sound, So when something is passed through a membrane it should be smooth and harmless. 

Consider gas, gases are very smooth but there is a problem with it. It requires lots of energy to store it in a confined place like our body. Next take solid, not all solids have a smooth surface and mostly they are available as a bulk matter so it will harm the membrane ( To imagine the above, consider your sweet coming like vapor from a pressure cooker top and rock salt coming out of your skin).So water is left.

Water being a good solvent of nutrients which are mostly ionic or polar dissolve in it. As water has the ability to flow the dissolve contents do not accumulate is single place. thus making it smooth and easy  to transport.

A Cross section of real plant cell membrane

Burton, R., Gidley, M. & Fincher, G. Heterogeneity in the chemistry, structure and function of plant cell walls. Nat Chem Biol 6, 724–732 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.439

Unicellular organisms and water 

Consider a single living cell, let is be of plants or animals. a cell as a membrane (plant cell have two of them).Now to gain energy the cell needs the nutrients or essentially the food. As water dissolve it. Through the process of osmosis (movement of substance through membrane due to pressure) the water along with the nutrients enter the cell and the the energy is produced. Now after producing energy the left our (waste) should get out of the body, so again the water inside the cell's body dissolve them and it is extract out of the body through the membrane. The same thing happens with us, instead of taking water through our skin we take though our mouth and let it out through urine or stool.

Unicellular organism in water

https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/Ciliates_en/

this is how water does its job. 

Water and underwater life.

Even here a unique property of water to dissolve gas comes to play. Essentially the most common sea animal is the fish. let's see how water helps a fish (This may be a hysterical en-query but it is important to understand it). Fish also needs oxygen to live but not as liquid oxygen but as gas oxygen that we use to breath. So a fish do not make any special reaction with water to extract oxygen from it.

One more specialty of water

Water is unique in many ways. Water not only dissolve liquid or solids like minerals, it also dissolve the gases in the atmosphere. As there are some space between the the molecules of water the gases get trapped between the molecules. Oxygen is on of the gas that get trapped in water. So the sea water contains dissolved oxygen. 

As fish have gills, they are naturally designed to get the dissolved oxygen from water and release oxygenated water. By this way the life in water lead their life. even underwater plants do the same.

This how a water breaths.

https://nessf.org/how-do-fish-breathe-the-science-behind-gills/

 Water and humans

Water contains every thing a human wants in order to live. All the food we eat do give us the energy to do work but it produces lots of waste. Essentially all the metabolic process inside our body occurs due to the liquids present in it. As water contains salt, essentially sodium ions, they are responsible for our motor movement because they conduct the electrical signals from our brain to our toes. You cant just take a sodium bar and eat because it will kill you only water can provide that sodium in ionic form.

Up to 60% of the human adult body is water. According to H.H. Mitchell, Journal of Biological Chemistry 158, the brain and heart are composed of 73% water, and the lungs are about 83% water. So water is essentially a important part of of our human body. It also helps the body to clean from inside and outside. As water is the main content of blood i.e. 90% of blood contains water. So the absorbed nutrients is carried out all over the body by blood (red colored water). As we know there is good blood and bad blood. The good blood contains all the nutrients and the bad blood contains all the waste like carbon dioxide, urea and many types of acids which are harmful for our body. Thus the drainage system  inside our body is run by water.

https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en/nutraceutical/about/rehydration/water/body-fluid/

Due to this reason we need to drink water.

Drinking water can be poisonous to human

Yes, large intake of water will lead to many problems. As more water is in the body the lungs will have a problem in its functioning, the nutrients will become diluted, the amount of sat become low ant there will be a efficiency of sodium. So over hydration will cause problems like water intoxication, Hyponatremia. It even causes the brain cell to cause to swell causing high pressure in the brain.

Cerebral oedema due to water intoxication. Plain brain CT scan revealed marked swelling of the sulcus at the frontal lobe and narrowing of cerebral ventricles at re-admission. Following the discontinuation of CY treatment and fluid restriction, hyponatraemia was promptly restored by 72 h without any disorientation. CT scan also revealed no cerebral oedema at hospital Day 10. Abbreviations are CT: computed tomography and CY: cyclophosphamide.

T1  - Water intoxication induced by low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in a patient with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related glomerulonephritis

VL  - 1

DO  - 10.1093/ndtplus/sfn076

JO  - NDT plus

ER  - 

 

THUS WATER IS VERY IMPORTANT IN OUR LIFE, IT IS IMPORTANT  TO KNOW ABOUT THE THINGS AROUND US AND ACT ACCORDINGLY.           

The series W - Water a.k.a clear water is over

TO SEE MY OLDER POSTS CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK BELOW

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/03/

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/04/

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/

Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

W5: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/06/w5-scientific-values-of-water.html

W4: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w4-structure-and-states-of-water.html

W3: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w3-mythological-stories-about-creation.html#more

W2: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w2-scientific-exploration-of-origins-of.html

W1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w1clear-liquid-aka-water.html

  

    

 

        

W5: Scientific values of water

 SCIENTIFIC VALUES OF WATER  II

" If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water"

- Loren Eiseley 

Previously the structure and states of water was explained in a lucid way. There is no major link between the previous article and this one but not share some similarities, it can be found only when it is read.

The word properties is quite scientific and in a daily use it don't fit well. So, properties means value. Scientifically property means the character of the material. This is done by measuring the physical and chemical traits like viscosity, surface tension, specific heat, volume, colour, smell etc. So by evaluating the parameters we are going to see whether water is a good or bad molecule.

NOTE: EVERY PROPERTY THAT IS ESTIMATED WILL HAVE A SHORT PHYSICAL NOTE ABOUT IT. PHYSICAL NOTE IN THE SCIENCE IT WILL NOT HAVE MATH. ONLY THE IMPORTANT PROPERTIES ARE DISCUSSED WHICH MAKE WATER UNIQUE.

https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E1C4884-DE5D-4D8E-95D2921B05A68852_source.jpg?w=590&h=800&0818000B-9723-40F3-A17AD7462EA2DBD0

The structure and different phases of water is discussed in previous article.

Density 

Density is the mass of any substance confined in one meter cube of space. In a physical scene density is how close the molecules confined in a container.

Eg. A  beach in summer is more dense than a beach in winter.

The density of water is really 997 Kg/meter cube. But this is only in specific temperature and volume. So the density of water is taken to be 1 gram/ centimetre cube. The density of ice is  0.9168 gram/ centimetre cube. The density of water vapor is very less i.e. 0.00045 gram/ centimetre cube.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Density_of_water_higher_than_density_of_ice

One of the unique property of water is that ice ( solid form) floats in liquid. It is because of its internal structure (i.e.) due to the hydrogen bonding, as due to less temperature the hydrogen bonds become permanent thus not allowing the molecules to come more closer. From the experiments we can see that, it only for water the density decreases as the temperature increases. In is at 4 degree Celsius the density of water is the maximum. This expectation of water is very unique in scientific world,it is because of this property the water living organisms like fish etc are able to maintain their life in cold regions.  Water is less dense as a solid, than as a liquid, which is why ice floats. So water acts like a good thermal insulator as the dense water will sink down thus keeping the temperature constant.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/volume-and-density/

Miscibility and solubility

This is the measure of how  much liquid is able to mix with other liquid chemically and physically. Water is soluble with a large number of other liquids and solids like (salt and sugar). This is because of the polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds of the water. A polar molecule is one that's neutral, or uncharged, but has an asymmetric internal distribution of charge, leading to partially positive and partially negative regions. So water is soluble in all polar liquid but it is not soluble in oils as they are non- polar molecules.Because of its polarity, water can form electrostatic interactions (charge-based attractions) with other polar molecules and ions. The polar molecules and ions interact with the partially positive and partially negative ends of water, with positive charges attracting negative charges (just like the + and - ends of magnets). When there are many water molecules relative to solute molecules, as in an aqueous solution, these interactions lead to the formation of a three-dimensional sphere of water molecules, or hydration shell, around the solute. Hydration shells allow particles to be dispersed (spread out) evenly in water.

http://azizyardimli.com/biofelsefe/bio_felsefe_SU.html

Melting and boiling point

Melting point of ice is 0 degree Celsius and boiling point of water id 100 degree Celsius at room temperature ( 27 degree Celsius) . This is a very unique property in the scientific community. From this the basic temperature measuring scale is fixed, even though kelvin is the official measurement we most commonly use Celsius.   

Specific heat capacity

Physically specific heat is the amount of heat given to 1 kg of the substance to increase the temperature by one degree Celsius.  

The specific heat capacity of water is 4184 joule per kelvin kg, which is the highest of any material. For example the specific heat of iron is 500 joule per kelvin kg. It is because water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, is electronegative. An electronegative atom is more likely to draw electrons to itself, because one side of the atom will have a partially positive charge and the other will have a partially negative charge. The opposite-charged sides are naturally drawn to one another, forming a weaker hydrogen bond. That’s why water is able to flow past itself, but also bond together—it’s constantly forming and breaking these bonds. These bonds are also why liquid water has a high specific heat. Any energy put toward heating water is split between breaking the bonds and heating the water. Because of this, it takes more energy to heat water than it does other substances.

This can be felt in a beach, the sand will be more hotter than the sea water. Even while heating water in a gas stove the container will become hot first and the the water will become hot.

So water helps with regulating temperature in the environment. For example, this property allows the temperature of water in a pond to stay relatively constant from day to night, regardless of the changing atmospheric temperature.

Physical Properties of WatePublished byMaud Cameron

https://slideplayer.com/slide/10907744/

Electromagnetic absorption

Electromagnetic waves are all the waves which do not require a medium to travel. On of the best example is the radio wave which are used to revive signals. Both electric and magnetic fields oscillate in sync, there are many types of electromagnetic waves base don their speed of oscillation and their length. the weakest electromagnetic radiation is radio waves and the strongest  are gama waves ( by which Bruce Banner aka Hulk got affected). with a very short range there is visible light. Water as gas and liquid has the unique property of absorbing some range of radiation.

The absorption in the gas phase occurs in three regions of the spectrum. Rotational transitions are responsible for absorption in the microwave and far-infrared, vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared and near-infrared and electronic transitions which occur in vacuum ultraviolet range.Liquid water has no rotational spectrum but does absorb in the microwave region. Its weak absorption in the visible spectrum results in the pale blue color of water. This property of water to absorb the electromagnetic spectrum has some serious atmospheric effects.

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect.Liquid water and ice emit radiation at a higher rate than water vapor (see graph above). Water at the top of the troposphere, particularly in liquid and solid states, cools as it emits net photons to space. Neighboring gas molecules other than water e.g. Nitrogen are cooled by passing their heat kinetically to the water. This is why temperatures at the top of the troposphere are about -50 degrees Celsius.Microwave ovens take advantage of water's opacity to microwave radiation to heat the water inside of foods. Water's light blue colour is caused by weak absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum.

Cohesion and adhesion 

Cohesion is the boding of similar objects and adhesion is the bonding of dissimilar materials. 

Water molecules stay close to each other (cohesion), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are held together by such bonds. Water also has high adhesion properties because of its polar nature. On clean, smooth glass the water may form a thin film because the molecular forces between glass and water molecules (adhesive forces) are stronger than the cohesive forces. This has many use in the concept of capillary rise, surface tension and in biological process.

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/water-cohesion-and-adhesion_med.jpeg

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/22-water/cohesive-and-adhesive-prope.html

https://newsela.com/read/lib-experiment-water-properties/id/37801/

Surface tension and capillary action

Surface tension is the property of of any liquid to act as a stretched membrane at the surface thus reducing the surface are of liquid little less than the surface area of the container's cross-sectional surface area. 

Capillary or capillary action is the ability of the liquid to flow through a narrow tube or space without the assistance of any external force and opposing the other external force like gravity. This action can be seen in many place from plants drawing water from ground to liquid between the hairs of paint brush. Why this happens? When the diameter of the tube is small enough( Like smaller than the the diameter of hair i.e. 0.00011 m ) ,then the surface tension of the liquid and the inter-molecular of the liquid and the adhesive force (tendency of dissimilar surface or particles to stick together) between the walls of the tube and the liquid try to propel the liquid.

Water has the highest surface tension i.e. 71 mN/m, which is unique of water. This is due to the hydrogen boding in the water. This property allows the small insects like water sliders and group of ants to walk on the water. This surface tension cause the spherical shape of a water droplet of a bubble.Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward and in general capillary action has many biological importance.

A coin floating on water due to the surface tension of water.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surface_tension_-_Japanese_1_Yen_alminium_coin_on_water.jpg

Capillary action of water in trees

https://istudy.pk/cohesion-tension-theory/

Smell, color and taste of water

Water do not have the above properties which makes water nearly invisible. As water is a good solvent in reality water is not pure,some amount of impurities are dissolve din it which gives them a taste and smell.The color of pure water is pale blue it is very light.water blueness comes from the water molecules absorbing the red end of the spectrum of visible light. To be even more detailed, the absorption of light in water is due to the way the atoms vibrate and absorb different wavelengths of light and it is not due to the scatting of light.    

Conclusion 

From the above studies we can see than water is scientifically an important component. Due to is unique property of hydrogen bonding and the electronegative  of oxygen atom makes water a magical component. It is important for us to know the things around us and this is a small step in it. 

TO SEE MY OLDER POSTS CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK BELOW

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/03/

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/04/

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/

Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

W4: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w4-structure-and-states-of-water.html

W3: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w3-mythological-stories-about-creation.html#more

W2: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w2-scientific-exploration-of-origins-of.html

W1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w1clear-liquid-aka-water.html

 

  

W4: Structure and states of water

 Scientific values of water  I

Soul and body is like water and hydrogen, if separately used both burn but when used together it becomes the origin of life.

-ABCAYC  

 NOTE: This is a long article.This article will have some scientific terms. It has been explained in a very lucid manner, to know more about those terms refer Wikipedia for more information. 

water droplet under electron microscope 

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.com%2Fpin%2F326792516689299160%2F&psig=AOvVaw2azkf_vtng0pbqA984XYmH&ust=1622027073527000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJiAk_bX5PACFQAAAAAdAAAAABAU

Water is one of the most important substance available on earth that is essential for everything from birth to death. So, it is important to know about water in a structured and scientific way to know its full potential.

English natural philosopher and experimental scientist Henry Cavendish was the first person to find that water is composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781.English chemist and natural philosopher William Nicholson and English surgeon Anthony Carlisle were the first to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen by the process of electrolysis (Initiating a chemical reaction using direct current) in 1800. Then French scientist Gay Lussac and German naturalist Alexander Von Humboldt found that water is made up of one part of oxygen and two parts of hydrogen.

 Henry Cavendish

https://akm-img-a-in.tosshub.com/indiatoday/images/story/201810/henry-cavendish.jpeg?p9V_Pt2MM9dSNYzM_0nIKoyEWVsSbrtI&size=770:433

Introduction

Water is an inorganic substance (it does not contain the element carbon as its parent element).Water in a molecular view acts like a magnet i.e. it has two different poles positive and negative so water is a polar (like poles of our earth) molecule. Water has no taste, smell and color ( But due to atmospheric conditions water has a lite blue color). Water is the most studied chemical substance in the field of chemistry. Due to its great use water has a nick name "The universal solvent". 

In fact water is the most abundant chemical substance on earth and the third most abundant molecule in the universe. ( The first two are molecular hydrogen and carbon monoxide).

General structure of water molecule

Water is a very simple molecule containing one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atom. The bonds between Hydrogen and Oxygen are polar and this is because of the tendency of oxygen to attract the electrons of hydrogen atoms to itself thus making it a polar covalent bond. So, the oxygen atom has a negative sign and hydrogen atoms have a positive sign. Making it similar to the poles of a magnet.

As water has 6 electrons in the outer most shell and hydrogen has one each. So, only two pairs of electrons are formed which makes the two pair or the 4 electrons in the oxygen atom lonely i.e. two lone pairs of electrons. As electrons are charged particles by nature they exert some non contact force on the paired electrons thus separating the pairs by 105 degrees which gives a bent structure to the molecule. Due to this bent shape the polar nature of the molecule exist.

Since each hydrogen atom has two lone pair of electrons it can make bond between other two hydrogen of other water molecule.So this structure extends.

General structure of water

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Schematics-of-the-atomic-structure-of-water-molecule-and-the-hydrogen-bonds-between-water_fig8_331708266

Even though water is the most studied molecule it is a mystery.

Note on hydrogen bond

Hydrogen bond is a type of dipole-dipole bond that is not a covalent bond. It is usually formed bewteen hydrogen and a electronegavative element like oxygen. 

Formation of hydrogen bond requires two important eligibility. 

1. The other element should be more electronegavative that hydrogen. 

2. The other element should have lone pair of electrons.( Electronegavative is the ability of a element to pull the electron of the the other element which is bonded with it).

So by definition of hydrogen bond hydrogen and oxygen have all the essential requirements to form a hydrogen bond.

Real hydrogen bonding in water seen under microscope

http://static4.businessinsider.com/image/5249e9fd69beddb65e92329d-970-546/ku-bigpic-6.jpg 

Understanding the structure of liquid water

As its H2O formula suggests, each water molecule is made of two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. Water molecules tend to stick together in what chemists call hydrogen bonds. The oxygen can form two hydrogen bonds, so a molecule can link with up to four others--with two links through its oxygen atom and one through each of its hydrogen. In ice, each molecule forms four stable bonds, while as a liquid, water bonds form and break a trillion times per second. The short lived patterns formed by bonding in the liquid are still far from being understood, but are thought to be responsible for the peculiar properties of water, including its relatively high boiling point, its high viscosity, and--last, but not least--its ability to sustain the chemical reactions inside a living cell.

So due to this arrangement of atoms the water molecules collective form a tetrahedral structure.

( Tetrahedral structure- it a simple triangular pyramid. Each corner represent an atom of the molecule, it has 6 corners. The atom at the center is called the central atom).Due to irregular bond lengths if don't form a symmetrical tetrahedral shape.

These types of shape are common among the bonding of molecules. In reality they don't look exactly like the geometric shape but clove to that. It represents the whole structure when the edges are connected. They are like consultation of stars. We generally have to map the structure by drawing lines.

Structural and dynamical studies on confined water - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Electronic-distribution-in-water-molecule-the-tetrahedral-structure-of-the_fig1_337927131 [accessed 25 May, 2021]

(a) Electronic distribution in water molecule: the tetrahedral structure of the molecular orbitals is shown, with the electrons involved in the covalent bonds and the lone pairs, according to the VSEPR theory [43, 44]. (b) Structure of single water molecule (hydrogen atoms are white, oxygen atom is red) [by Greg Stewart, graphic designer at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, USA], represented according to the ball-and-stick model. (c) Tetrahedral arrangement of hydrogenbonded water molecules [Molecular Cell Biology, Sixth Edition c 2008, W.H.Freeman and Company].

Note: Water as a single molecule had a bent structure. Water as a liquid as a tetrahedral structure due to the bonding of lone pair electrons.

Understanding the structure of solid water- Ice

Liquid water is a fluid.  The hydrogen bonds in liquid water constantly break and reform as the water molecules tumble past one another.  As water cools, its molecular motion slows and the molecules move gradually closer to one another.  The density of any liquid increases as its temperature decreases. 

For most liquids, this continues as the liquid freezes and the solid state is denser than the liquid state.  However, water behaves differently.  It actually reaches its highest density at about 4°C. Between 4°C and 0°C, the density gradually decreases as the hydrogen bonds begin to form a network characterized by a generally hexagonal structure with open spaces in the middle of the hexagons. 

Structure of Ice

https://crystalsymmetry.files.wordpress.com/2018/04/ice_ih_molecular_arrangement.png

(graphic created with VESTA:
K. Momma and F. Izumi, “VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data,” J. Appl. Crystallogr., 44, 1272-1276 (2011).

Thus unlike liquid water which has weak hydrogen bond between the molecule and a tetrahedral structure, water as ice has a strong and regular hydrogen bonding between the molecules and has a orthogonal structure.i.e. liquid has a random structure like a 2 year playing with Lego blocks and the structure of water is ordered like a civil engineer building a wall.

https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/96452/which-has-stronger-hydrogen-bonds-water-or-ice

Understanding the structure of gas water- water vapor

It has a less defined structure that seems to be like a distorted, hydrogen-bonded form of water .Water in the gas phase consists of isolated molecules of H2O. Each molecule is bent with a bond angle of 105 deg.  So it has a very similar to the general structure of water.

https://dlpng.com/png/6505645

States of water

As we saw above water has three states of water.

Water or oxidane- means the liquid state of water. In this state the molecules are loosely packed.

Ice- means the solid state of water. In this state the water molecules are ordered and closely packed.

Vapor or steam- means the gaseous state of water. It have a very random structure and very loosely packed.

https://cdn.britannica.com/05/92905-050-8B789505/states-matter-liquid-gas.jpg

https://www.britannica.com/science/phase-state-of-matter

The addition of heat or removal of heat can cause phase transitions.

Phase transitions in water

Freezing- Liquid to solid. The water freezes at 0 degree Celsius. Which is called as freezing point of water. Eg. Water kept in freezer.

Melting- Solid to liquid. The water starts to melt from 0 degree Celsius. I.e both melting and freezing point of water are same. Eg. Ice kept on a glass.

Vaporization- Liquid to vapor. Water starts vaporization at 100 degree Celsius. This point is called as the boiling point of water. At this temperature the water starts to boil and become vapor. Eg. While boiling water in a pan we can see some white fumes these are water in vapor state.

Condensation- Vapor to Liquid. Water from vapor state cools down to water. The condensation starts at 100 degree Celsius. I.e. if the temperature is maintained at 100 degrees the water will become gas of it is not maintained the it will reverse the process. Eg. Having a cold soda on a hot day, the hot vapor molecules hits the surface of the soda can resulting in cooling of the vapor rapidly into water. this why a soda can sweets in a hod day.

Sublimation- Ice to vapor. Without going to Liquid State water turns to vapor. This process takes place below the freezing point. Eg. On hanging a wet sweeter in freezing temperatures below 0 degree Celsius. Practical example is vanishing of naphthalene balls. 

Deposition- Vapor to ice. It is the reverse of the above process. Eg. Frost is a good example of deposition.i.e. without liquid formation the vapor becomes solid i.e. frost.

https://sketchplanations.com/states-of-matter

TO BE CONTINUED...........

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeOcfm9qDMI

Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

W3: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w3-mythological-stories-about-creation.html#more

W2: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w2-scientific-exploration-of-origins-of.html

W1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w1clear-liquid-aka-water.html