POEM 2 NATURAL LESSONS

POEM 2 
NATURAL LESSONS

The sky is never the same shade twice and neither is your heart. 

The moon has never apologized for hiding some nights

and neither should you. 

The stars have never stopped shining because someone wanted them to and neither should you.

The earth has never stopped

moving,

growing,

evolving

for anyone

and neither should you.

TAU2 : Eggs are violating physics !!!

 Things around us
2. Eggs are  violating physics !!!

"All of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking"

-Albert Einstein

A good and well developed hen will produce 250 eggs a year. Excluding the physical rest taken by egg a hen produce one egg in two days. One egg takes a whole day to full develop before it comes out. As humans most of us would used egg as food because it is rich in proteins,indirectly we may have used them in face mask, shampoo and other cosmetics ,but if you note the shape of egg , it violate a basic and convincing theory which has been proved in outer space. lets break it.

https://www.licious.in/blog/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/eggs-online-2-750x750.jpg

Concept of minimal surface

Note for math Greek's this will break you. Minimal surface in a physical view point is a surface which has the minimum surface area to volume ratio. Example : Given a certain volume of fluid, of all shapes that could contain that volume, the sphere has the smallest surface area. So in a three dimensional view sphere is the minimal surface, this is the reason for the shape of water droplets in space, soap bubbles etc. So in real world a sphere occupies the minimum area for a given volume.

Example of minimal surface 

https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/water-space-how-does-water-behave-outer-space?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects

How hen produce egg

In the domestic hen, an egg takes about twenty-four hours to form, beginning as yolk (the ovum) in the hen's ovary. The incipient egg starts a long, stop-and-go trek through the oviduct, the tubular passage that leads from the ovary to the vagina. On the egg's first, three-hour rest stop, it picks up albumen (egg white) secreted from cells in the oviduct walls. The egg then inches along to a section of the oviduct where, pausing for an hour, it receives the membranes that will line the shell. Finally, it moves on to the uterus, where over a period of twenty hours, it accumulates chalky deposits that harden into the shell. So far,the egg has always traveled with its more pointed end leading the way. But half an hour before emerging, the egg flips over so that it's laid blunt end first. The egg is initially a fluid structure. In the absence of external forces, the egg would be a sphere, a shape that minimizes contact with the rest of the world.their eggs are elongated because the muscular contractions of the oviduct, which propel the eggs by squeezing them, modify their spherical form.

https://www.howitworksdaily.com/how-do-chickens-lay-eggs/

How an egg violates physics?

As mentioned earlier, a surface should be of minimum surface area for a given volume by nature, but egg has a oval shape, which literally in Latin means egg. Oval is a shape in which one end is pointed and other is blunt just like an egg. So in a basic theoretical sense an egg violate the concept of minimal surface so it violates physics.

Does nature have an answer for the exception?

From my point of view yes, The eagle owl and the kingfisher actually lay eggs that are nearly spheres, but most birds are like the chicken.Certain sea birds, such as the guillemot, a narrow-billed auk that inhabits northern waters, lay eggs that are even less like spheres than chicken eggs are. The guillemot egg is shaped like a top.

The dynamics of this shape makes the best answer for this question. Now take a ball and give a push horizontally at its center, you will observe that that the ball will go straight without forming a curve. Now take a egg and so the same, it will nor follow a straight path as a sphere it will form a curved path and stops quickly. So if a chicken egg was a sphere, it would be much more prone to rolling away which is dangerous because it can kill the life inside or it may travel a long distance and break.

Next, safe packing. The eggs of chickens and many other birds are broader at one end than the other means that they can be packed together closely in a nest-more so than if they were spheres.So this will help the hen to maintain the temperature in order to grow the life inside the egg.

Strength of the egg, the shape of the egg also contributes to its strength. After all, it must not break under the weight of a nesting parent. Given its size and the thinness of its shell, a chicken egg may be relatively strong, but not so strong that it will survive, as legend has it, the grip of a muscleman who squeezes it longitudinally in one hand but that if a strong man applied pressure uniformly to the surface of an egg, he might not be able to break it. In practice, however, no one applies uniform pressure-it's greater at some point than another-and the egg bursts. Relatively the oval shape give more strength than a spherical shape.

Closely packed eggs 

https://twitter.com/cgtnafrica/status/965828392720400384

Egg settles on a slope

https://ijpam.eu/contents/2012-78-5/8/8.pdf

Conclusion 

Thus from the shape of egg we have few benefits, an egg tends to stop in a slope.they fit together quite snugly in the nest, with only quite small air spaces between them. So the eggs radiate their heat onto each other, and keep each other warm, and also, you can fit more eggs into the nest. So this violation of an egg is good for its survival unless a human breaks it and eat it. 

TO SEE MY OLDER POSTS CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK BELOW

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Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

TAU1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/04/mysteries-of-fountain-pen.html

 

 

W6: Water and life

 WATER AND LIFE 

Where there's water on Earth, you find life as we know it. So if you find water somewhere else, it becomes a remarkable draw to look closer to see if life of any kind is there, even if it's bacterial, which would be extraordinary for the field of biology. 

-Neil deGrasse Tyson 

Life in water

https://twistedsifter.com/2014/05/magnified-seawater-by-david-littschwager/magnified-seawater-by-david-littschwager-4/

Always water is associated with life. As the quot says where there is water there is life. Water is always associated with life. It is because of its important properties. The special properties of water make it so unique that the life on earth has evolved with it. Data says that on Earth we have 3% of pure water of which 0.5% is in liquid form. You may think that 3% among 100%  is a very small quantity among the growing population. I may say no because 3% is so huge that it has been serving as our only water source for hundreds of years. So it is our lack of attention has caused water problems in many major cities and low profile villages. 

In this we will know how water supports life. It is very important to understand it because without water we humans are out of life in 3 to 5 days. "Even though water is a nonliving thing it is the origin of living things."

What makes water so important for life?

Every drop of naturally available drop of water contains life in it. If we see at a very basic yet fascinating form of life, a single celled organism say amoeba. The most essential function for any thing is to do work in order to survive. Say take a engine if you do not give fuel it will not run and at the same time if the exhaust is not opened the engine will collapse. So the same principle apply to a living organism in order to survive, let it be a singled cell organism or the great blue whale. Their process may be different but their functions ate the same. So to do work, energy is needed.

Again take a engine, a fuel essentially contains carbon in it. As in solid form carbon is nothing but coal. Let me ask you, If you put coal in your car or bike will it run? No. So the carbon in liquid form is the fuel i.e. petrol or diesel. So due to the nature and availability of fuel in nature the liquid form and the gaseous from are dominant (Flossie fuel and natural gas). So by nature it can be seen that the liquid form is very important medium through which we can get energy. In a similar way due to ease of availability of water in liquid form in the normal surface temperate of earth. Water can be a essential medium to gain energy.

Water is nicked named as the universal solvent. which means that water can dissolve all the kinds elements and molecules of its type. As we can see the petrol or diesel that we use for the vehicles are not the pure form of fossil fuels or natural gas. Some additive like sulfur, lead other types of oxygents (helps to burn fast) are added so that the efficiency and the output of the fuel will increase in order to power the engine in a more efficient way. So for organisms these additives are called as nutrients, which are essentially our food in a primary view point. Now due to the polar nature of water and as most of the nutrients found in nature are in the polar or ionic form they easily stay with water naturally. Even rain water will contain small amount of  nutrients. These nutrients are not available like a butter block, they are trapped  in the earth's surface, So as water runs in the land it takes all the nutrients available add becomes a potential carrier of nutrients, which is the primary form of energy providers to the living organisms. 

Salt dissolved in water

http://web.fscj.edu/Milczanowski/psc/lect/Ch10/slide914.jpg

So, the liquid form and the unique nature if water to dissolve many things due to its polarity makes it a important part of life.

How water does its job? 

Take the amoeba. The function can be better explained using this single celled organism. Like our skin which protects us from the environment and helps to feel the surrounding and helps to cool the body. In a similar way the amoeba has a outer membrane which separates the organism from the environment. It also has other functions. As we humans have mouth to eat and leave out the waste through urine and stool. Amoeba dose not have such things, so the membrane acts as inlet and outlet.

Real picture of a amoeba, taking its food.

http://bio1903.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch28/amoeba.html 

Note on membrane 

Technically a membrane is a thin flexible sheet forming a barrier or a lining. So in living organisms each organisms has a membrane. Even our skin is a membrane. Essentially we can carry thing on the other side of the membrane by creating pressure difference. So it can act as a barrier from one side and act as a channel from the other side.

Egg membrane. This is how a membrane looks.

https://theuijunkie.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/eggmembrane.jpg

Which medium is good for making the membrane efficient

A membrane is very thin and sensitive even some membrane breaks due to loud sound, So when something is passed through a membrane it should be smooth and harmless. 

Consider gas, gases are very smooth but there is a problem with it. It requires lots of energy to store it in a confined place like our body. Next take solid, not all solids have a smooth surface and mostly they are available as a bulk matter so it will harm the membrane ( To imagine the above, consider your sweet coming like vapor from a pressure cooker top and rock salt coming out of your skin).So water is left.

Water being a good solvent of nutrients which are mostly ionic or polar dissolve in it. As water has the ability to flow the dissolve contents do not accumulate is single place. thus making it smooth and easy  to transport.

A Cross section of real plant cell membrane

Burton, R., Gidley, M. & Fincher, G. Heterogeneity in the chemistry, structure and function of plant cell walls. Nat Chem Biol 6, 724–732 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.439

Unicellular organisms and water 

Consider a single living cell, let is be of plants or animals. a cell as a membrane (plant cell have two of them).Now to gain energy the cell needs the nutrients or essentially the food. As water dissolve it. Through the process of osmosis (movement of substance through membrane due to pressure) the water along with the nutrients enter the cell and the the energy is produced. Now after producing energy the left our (waste) should get out of the body, so again the water inside the cell's body dissolve them and it is extract out of the body through the membrane. The same thing happens with us, instead of taking water through our skin we take though our mouth and let it out through urine or stool.

Unicellular organism in water

https://www.micropia.nl/en/discover/microbiology/Ciliates_en/

this is how water does its job. 

Water and underwater life.

Even here a unique property of water to dissolve gas comes to play. Essentially the most common sea animal is the fish. let's see how water helps a fish (This may be a hysterical en-query but it is important to understand it). Fish also needs oxygen to live but not as liquid oxygen but as gas oxygen that we use to breath. So a fish do not make any special reaction with water to extract oxygen from it.

One more specialty of water

Water is unique in many ways. Water not only dissolve liquid or solids like minerals, it also dissolve the gases in the atmosphere. As there are some space between the the molecules of water the gases get trapped between the molecules. Oxygen is on of the gas that get trapped in water. So the sea water contains dissolved oxygen. 

As fish have gills, they are naturally designed to get the dissolved oxygen from water and release oxygenated water. By this way the life in water lead their life. even underwater plants do the same.

This how a water breaths.

https://nessf.org/how-do-fish-breathe-the-science-behind-gills/

 Water and humans

Water contains every thing a human wants in order to live. All the food we eat do give us the energy to do work but it produces lots of waste. Essentially all the metabolic process inside our body occurs due to the liquids present in it. As water contains salt, essentially sodium ions, they are responsible for our motor movement because they conduct the electrical signals from our brain to our toes. You cant just take a sodium bar and eat because it will kill you only water can provide that sodium in ionic form.

Up to 60% of the human adult body is water. According to H.H. Mitchell, Journal of Biological Chemistry 158, the brain and heart are composed of 73% water, and the lungs are about 83% water. So water is essentially a important part of of our human body. It also helps the body to clean from inside and outside. As water is the main content of blood i.e. 90% of blood contains water. So the absorbed nutrients is carried out all over the body by blood (red colored water). As we know there is good blood and bad blood. The good blood contains all the nutrients and the bad blood contains all the waste like carbon dioxide, urea and many types of acids which are harmful for our body. Thus the drainage system  inside our body is run by water.

https://www.otsuka.co.jp/en/nutraceutical/about/rehydration/water/body-fluid/

Due to this reason we need to drink water.

Drinking water can be poisonous to human

Yes, large intake of water will lead to many problems. As more water is in the body the lungs will have a problem in its functioning, the nutrients will become diluted, the amount of sat become low ant there will be a efficiency of sodium. So over hydration will cause problems like water intoxication, Hyponatremia. It even causes the brain cell to cause to swell causing high pressure in the brain.

Cerebral oedema due to water intoxication. Plain brain CT scan revealed marked swelling of the sulcus at the frontal lobe and narrowing of cerebral ventricles at re-admission. Following the discontinuation of CY treatment and fluid restriction, hyponatraemia was promptly restored by 72 h without any disorientation. CT scan also revealed no cerebral oedema at hospital Day 10. Abbreviations are CT: computed tomography and CY: cyclophosphamide.

T1  - Water intoxication induced by low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in a patient with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-related glomerulonephritis

VL  - 1

DO  - 10.1093/ndtplus/sfn076

JO  - NDT plus

ER  - 

 

THUS WATER IS VERY IMPORTANT IN OUR LIFE, IT IS IMPORTANT  TO KNOW ABOUT THE THINGS AROUND US AND ACT ACCORDINGLY.           

The series W - Water a.k.a clear water is over

TO SEE MY OLDER POSTS CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK BELOW

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/03/

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https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/

Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

W5: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/06/w5-scientific-values-of-water.html

W4: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w4-structure-and-states-of-water.html

W3: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w3-mythological-stories-about-creation.html#more

W2: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w2-scientific-exploration-of-origins-of.html

W1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w1clear-liquid-aka-water.html

  

    

 

        

W5: Scientific values of water

 SCIENTIFIC VALUES OF WATER  II

" If there is magic on this planet, it is contained in water"

- Loren Eiseley 

Previously the structure and states of water was explained in a lucid way. There is no major link between the previous article and this one but not share some similarities, it can be found only when it is read.

The word properties is quite scientific and in a daily use it don't fit well. So, properties means value. Scientifically property means the character of the material. This is done by measuring the physical and chemical traits like viscosity, surface tension, specific heat, volume, colour, smell etc. So by evaluating the parameters we are going to see whether water is a good or bad molecule.

NOTE: EVERY PROPERTY THAT IS ESTIMATED WILL HAVE A SHORT PHYSICAL NOTE ABOUT IT. PHYSICAL NOTE IN THE SCIENCE IT WILL NOT HAVE MATH. ONLY THE IMPORTANT PROPERTIES ARE DISCUSSED WHICH MAKE WATER UNIQUE.

https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E1C4884-DE5D-4D8E-95D2921B05A68852_source.jpg?w=590&h=800&0818000B-9723-40F3-A17AD7462EA2DBD0

The structure and different phases of water is discussed in previous article.

Density 

Density is the mass of any substance confined in one meter cube of space. In a physical scene density is how close the molecules confined in a container.

Eg. A  beach in summer is more dense than a beach in winter.

The density of water is really 997 Kg/meter cube. But this is only in specific temperature and volume. So the density of water is taken to be 1 gram/ centimetre cube. The density of ice is  0.9168 gram/ centimetre cube. The density of water vapor is very less i.e. 0.00045 gram/ centimetre cube.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/Density_of_water_higher_than_density_of_ice

One of the unique property of water is that ice ( solid form) floats in liquid. It is because of its internal structure (i.e.) due to the hydrogen bonding, as due to less temperature the hydrogen bonds become permanent thus not allowing the molecules to come more closer. From the experiments we can see that, it only for water the density decreases as the temperature increases. In is at 4 degree Celsius the density of water is the maximum. This expectation of water is very unique in scientific world,it is because of this property the water living organisms like fish etc are able to maintain their life in cold regions.  Water is less dense as a solid, than as a liquid, which is why ice floats. So water acts like a good thermal insulator as the dense water will sink down thus keeping the temperature constant.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/volume-and-density/

Miscibility and solubility

This is the measure of how  much liquid is able to mix with other liquid chemically and physically. Water is soluble with a large number of other liquids and solids like (salt and sugar). This is because of the polar nature and ability to form hydrogen bonds of the water. A polar molecule is one that's neutral, or uncharged, but has an asymmetric internal distribution of charge, leading to partially positive and partially negative regions. So water is soluble in all polar liquid but it is not soluble in oils as they are non- polar molecules.Because of its polarity, water can form electrostatic interactions (charge-based attractions) with other polar molecules and ions. The polar molecules and ions interact with the partially positive and partially negative ends of water, with positive charges attracting negative charges (just like the + and - ends of magnets). When there are many water molecules relative to solute molecules, as in an aqueous solution, these interactions lead to the formation of a three-dimensional sphere of water molecules, or hydration shell, around the solute. Hydration shells allow particles to be dispersed (spread out) evenly in water.

http://azizyardimli.com/biofelsefe/bio_felsefe_SU.html

Melting and boiling point

Melting point of ice is 0 degree Celsius and boiling point of water id 100 degree Celsius at room temperature ( 27 degree Celsius) . This is a very unique property in the scientific community. From this the basic temperature measuring scale is fixed, even though kelvin is the official measurement we most commonly use Celsius.   

Specific heat capacity

Physically specific heat is the amount of heat given to 1 kg of the substance to increase the temperature by one degree Celsius.  

The specific heat capacity of water is 4184 joule per kelvin kg, which is the highest of any material. For example the specific heat of iron is 500 joule per kelvin kg. It is because water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, is electronegative. An electronegative atom is more likely to draw electrons to itself, because one side of the atom will have a partially positive charge and the other will have a partially negative charge. The opposite-charged sides are naturally drawn to one another, forming a weaker hydrogen bond. That’s why water is able to flow past itself, but also bond together—it’s constantly forming and breaking these bonds. These bonds are also why liquid water has a high specific heat. Any energy put toward heating water is split between breaking the bonds and heating the water. Because of this, it takes more energy to heat water than it does other substances.

This can be felt in a beach, the sand will be more hotter than the sea water. Even while heating water in a gas stove the container will become hot first and the the water will become hot.

So water helps with regulating temperature in the environment. For example, this property allows the temperature of water in a pond to stay relatively constant from day to night, regardless of the changing atmospheric temperature.

Physical Properties of WatePublished byMaud Cameron

https://slideplayer.com/slide/10907744/

Electromagnetic absorption

Electromagnetic waves are all the waves which do not require a medium to travel. On of the best example is the radio wave which are used to revive signals. Both electric and magnetic fields oscillate in sync, there are many types of electromagnetic waves base don their speed of oscillation and their length. the weakest electromagnetic radiation is radio waves and the strongest  are gama waves ( by which Bruce Banner aka Hulk got affected). with a very short range there is visible light. Water as gas and liquid has the unique property of absorbing some range of radiation.

The absorption in the gas phase occurs in three regions of the spectrum. Rotational transitions are responsible for absorption in the microwave and far-infrared, vibrational transitions in the mid-infrared and near-infrared and electronic transitions which occur in vacuum ultraviolet range.Liquid water has no rotational spectrum but does absorb in the microwave region. Its weak absorption in the visible spectrum results in the pale blue color of water. This property of water to absorb the electromagnetic spectrum has some serious atmospheric effects.

Water vapor is a greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere, responsible for 70% of the known absorption of incoming sunlight, particularly in the infrared region, and about 60% of the atmospheric absorption of thermal radiation by the Earth known as the greenhouse effect.Liquid water and ice emit radiation at a higher rate than water vapor (see graph above). Water at the top of the troposphere, particularly in liquid and solid states, cools as it emits net photons to space. Neighboring gas molecules other than water e.g. Nitrogen are cooled by passing their heat kinetically to the water. This is why temperatures at the top of the troposphere are about -50 degrees Celsius.Microwave ovens take advantage of water's opacity to microwave radiation to heat the water inside of foods. Water's light blue colour is caused by weak absorption in the red part of the visible spectrum.

Cohesion and adhesion 

Cohesion is the boding of similar objects and adhesion is the bonding of dissimilar materials. 

Water molecules stay close to each other (cohesion), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are held together by such bonds. Water also has high adhesion properties because of its polar nature. On clean, smooth glass the water may form a thin film because the molecular forces between glass and water molecules (adhesive forces) are stronger than the cohesive forces. This has many use in the concept of capillary rise, surface tension and in biological process.

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/water-cohesion-and-adhesion_med.jpeg

https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-2-molecular-biology/22-water/cohesive-and-adhesive-prope.html

https://newsela.com/read/lib-experiment-water-properties/id/37801/

Surface tension and capillary action

Surface tension is the property of of any liquid to act as a stretched membrane at the surface thus reducing the surface are of liquid little less than the surface area of the container's cross-sectional surface area. 

Capillary or capillary action is the ability of the liquid to flow through a narrow tube or space without the assistance of any external force and opposing the other external force like gravity. This action can be seen in many place from plants drawing water from ground to liquid between the hairs of paint brush. Why this happens? When the diameter of the tube is small enough( Like smaller than the the diameter of hair i.e. 0.00011 m ) ,then the surface tension of the liquid and the inter-molecular of the liquid and the adhesive force (tendency of dissimilar surface or particles to stick together) between the walls of the tube and the liquid try to propel the liquid.

Water has the highest surface tension i.e. 71 mN/m, which is unique of water. This is due to the hydrogen boding in the water. This property allows the small insects like water sliders and group of ants to walk on the water. This surface tension cause the spherical shape of a water droplet of a bubble.Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action. Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward and in general capillary action has many biological importance.

A coin floating on water due to the surface tension of water.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surface_tension_-_Japanese_1_Yen_alminium_coin_on_water.jpg

Capillary action of water in trees

https://istudy.pk/cohesion-tension-theory/

Smell, color and taste of water

Water do not have the above properties which makes water nearly invisible. As water is a good solvent in reality water is not pure,some amount of impurities are dissolve din it which gives them a taste and smell.The color of pure water is pale blue it is very light.water blueness comes from the water molecules absorbing the red end of the spectrum of visible light. To be even more detailed, the absorption of light in water is due to the way the atoms vibrate and absorb different wavelengths of light and it is not due to the scatting of light.    

Conclusion 

From the above studies we can see than water is scientifically an important component. Due to is unique property of hydrogen bonding and the electronegative  of oxygen atom makes water a magical component. It is important for us to know the things around us and this is a small step in it. 

TO SEE MY OLDER POSTS CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK BELOW

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/03/

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/04/

https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/

Hope this article was useful and I hope you learnt something from it.

If you have any theories or questions regarding this you are free to express them in comments or you can chat with me in my Instagram page https://www.instagram.com/phy.sci/?hl=en.

For previous articles on this follow the following link

W4: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w4-structure-and-states-of-water.html

W3: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w3-mythological-stories-about-creation.html#more

W2: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w2-scientific-exploration-of-origins-of.html

W1: https://jjohnpaul.blogspot.com/2021/05/w1clear-liquid-aka-water.html