What is heat?

 The fundamental explanation of heat 

It is evident that an acquaintance with natural laws means no less than an acquaintance with the mind of god there in expressed.

-James Prescott Joule

sunset. sun is a natural source of heat energy.

What is heat? From the point of human heat is a " sum thing " which gives the sensation of touch for almost all living organisms. Fire form the times of Heraclitus has been an important element which was responsible for the existence of all the objects on Earth. The other elements are earth(ground), water and air. Though he was a not a modern scientist he was one of the greatest philosopher of his time. So on interpreting on his thought we as a students of modern science can interpret the following.

Form his stand the objects on earth is made of ground (i.e. things from earth like sand, soil, metal, wood etc.), So clearly ground is a something we can touch, fell and see. In a similar fashion water is also a thing that can be felt, touched and seen. Air is quite different it is actually linked with heat so, examination of air will be done later.

Thus, we see that heat is a energy. It is one of the fundamental forms of energy. Therefore in the following section let us examine the very fundamental origin and aspect of heat.

What is inside a mater? 

Any thing that occupy a space is a matter. So basically all solids,liquids and gases are types of matter. A matter is consisted of atoms in a very fundamental view point, then different types of atom or same type of atoms form the group of atoms called molecules and at last a very large chunk of molecules form a matter. ( these atoms and molecules stay together by chemical boding). These pre concepts is enough for us to understand the following concept of heat. 

For our reference let it be atoms or molecules we will represent them as colored dots and their bonds will be represented as lines (Lattice representation)

Lattice representation of a solid consisting different atoms

https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-read-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/53/2014/08/19212053/20140811155432271695.png

Credits: Christopher J. Wells Website:www.technologyuk.net The animation above was created using VESTA (Visualization for Electronic and STructural Analysis), a software package developed by Koichi Momma and Fujio Izumi that is distributed free of charge for academic, scientific, educational, and non-commercial use.

Physical view of bonds

NOTE: This is not a accurate view of chemical boding but it is a model that can best explain the concept that we need to understand.

As we know force is a puss or pull, from the experiments conducted by the forefathers of the field different force act at different positions. It means that force depend on distance from a point.

Now let us take a solid. We know we two that bodies can't occupy the same the space if we make them to do so a reclusive force will come into play ( It is like, you like a rock song but your brother like a jass song, then both will fight. The fight is repulsive force). A solid matter visible to eyes will contain a large number of such bodies called molecules. So when these particles are brought together. So when we bring these particles together they exert a force n each other, and these forces are repulsive in nature. Now when we try to tare a solid body, like separate a body or cut a body, another type of force comes into play which is attractive in nature thus attractive force. 

So a solid body in its natural state, resist both compression and dilatation ( state of stretching out form normal dimensions).

This concept of changing in force because of distance was first noted by Roger Joseph Boscovich in 1763.

Solid body and heat

So, somewhere between these changing force there must be position of stable equilibrium in which two particles can rest in proximity without either attracting or repelling one another. If we imagine a large number of particles placed in such position, and  rest in their positions of equilibrium, we have the kinetic theory origination of a mass of matter in the solid state a solid body.

When the particles of a solid body oscillate about their various positions of equilibrium, we say that the body possesses heat. The energy of these oscillatory motions is the heat-energy of the body. As the oscillations become more strong, we say that the temperature of the body increases.

Simple way of producing heat

Rubbing two objects is the simplest way of creating heat.We place the surfaces of the two bodies so close to one another that the particles near the surface of one exert  noticeable  forces on the particles near the surface of the other; we then move the surfaces over one another, so that the forces just mentioned puss or push the surface particles from their positions of equilibrium. At first, the only particles to be disturbed will be those which are in the immediate neighborhood of the parts actually rubbed, but gradually the motion of these parts will induce motion in the adjoining regions, until the motion spreads over the whole mass. This motion represents heat which is first  generated by friction, and then spread by conduction through the whole mass.

https://www.psychmechanics.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/interlaced-hand-rubbing-768x576.jpg

Even rubbing our hands produce heat

Conclusion

In simple words heat is produced because of the osculations within a state of matter. I.e. the kinetic energy given mechanically and the potential energy stored in the bonds or linkage between the molecules of a matter is converted to heat energy or simply heat. 

   HOPE THIS INFORMATION WAS USEFUL 

TAU1: Mysteries of a fountain pen

 THINGS AROUND US 

1.Mysteries of a fountain pen

The noblest pleasure is the joy of understating

- Leonardo da Vinci 

Fountain pen or a ink pen is a commonly used writing instrument.The early history of fountain pen is not clear but there are some evidences that  during the renaissance Leonardo da Vinci might have created a fountain pen because his notebooks had drawings of a modern fountain pen. Then from 17th century fountain pens were used in Europe,those were some basic models. Finally in  may of 1827 the Romanian inventor Poenaru received a French patent.

Parts of a Fountain pen

1.Ink reservoir: It is the part in which the the ink is stored. In modern fountain pens it is called as cartridge. Even though there are many filling mechanisms I personally use a injection to fill the ink.

2.Nib: Nib is the most important part of a fountain pen. It it is very similar to a V shape. The modern nibs are made using alloys to provide strength for long term usage. The nib is usually coated with gold or silver as it as a good property of wettability, which is the property of the solid to reduce the surface tension of the liquid in contact and spreads over it. All the nibs has the important parallel slit cut at the middle which is responsible for the capillary action and flow of ink.

3. Feed: It is the component that connects the ink reservoir and the nib. It has two functions. one is to regulate the flow of ink to nib and second regulating the air flowing back to the reservoir to replace the ink lost. (So in vacuum ink pens don't work). This feed mechanism also prevents the leakage of link. usually a feed had lots of divisions and has a rough surface.

How does a pen really works?

The physics behind it.

• Capillary

Capillary is a important concept in our life, the human body is functional because of the capillaries. 

Capillary or capillary action is the ability of the liquid to flow through a narrow tube or space without the assistance of any external force and opposing the other external force like gravity. This action can be seen in many place from plants drawing water from ground to liquid between the hairs of paint brush. Why this happens? When the diameter of the tube is small enough( Like smaller than the the diameter of hair i.e. 0.00011 m ) ,then the surface tension of the liquid and the inter-molecular of the liquid and the adhesive force (tendency of dissimilar surface or particles to stick together) between the walls of the tube and the liquid try to propel the liquid.

      FACT: THE FIRST CAPILLARY ACTION WAS OBSERVED BY DA VINCI.

• Capillary action in the fountain pen

The liquid(ink) is present in the cartridge. The feed prevents the ink to flow out from the nib when it is not in contact with the surface of the paper. When the nib is contact with the surface of the paper it the nib expand slightly creating a opening which is very similar to capillary tube thus causing the ink to flow from the feed to the tip of the nib and the ink is adsorbed by the surface of the paper.This is the capillary action of the fountain pen.

Due to this reason when the slit in the nib becomes large the ink does not flow and if the slit is closed the ink will not flow as the capillary action don't take place.

  

POEM 1 Stardust

 POEM 1

Stardust 

Your are designed to contain a cosmic storm.

It is no wonder that sometimes your body and mind is in chaos 

that hurt so much that you may just feel like you might die.

It takes a nebula, a life of a star burning it self in epic proportions

falling apart to create a new star.

So be easy on yourself.

You are a storm in transition.

You have calcium in your bones,

iron in your veins,

carbon in your body,

and nitrogen in your brain.

which is stardust,

with souls made of blaze,

we are all just stars

that have names in our language.

 

We are looking at the past

“It is strange that only extraordinary men make discoveries, which later appears so easy and simple.”

                                  George C. Lichtenberg

 

Image from NASA

Here on earth, it seems we are very fast and going towards the future. But in the reality we are slow and not much advanced as we think. From the early times till now we have a big screen to watch which is free of cost and have an average resolution as 570 megapixels. Without any suspense that huge screen is the night sky. Its resolution is actually infinity but our eyes are limited to 570 megapixels.

We have such advanced technology (like HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE) to observe space but still, we can only see the past and not even the present. For some people, it may be quite odd to get but in science, we can only tell the truth.

To understand this you don’t need any advanced math or physics you only need some very basic maths like multiplication, division, subtraction, addition, and some sense to think.

We actually need to know about a few fundamental concepts before we proceed into the main topic.

Speed of light

Speed of light is one of the fundamental constants in physics. Many times it acts as a limit to many situations. It is commonly denoted as C. its value is 299792458 meters per second (~300000000 meters per second) in a vacuum. This value can’t be more but can be less in mediums like diamond, glass, water, etc. As we are mostly dealing with vacuum there is no problem.

Velocity

It is nothing but the speed of a particle specified along with the direction. We only need its mathematical form to do our calculations.

VELOCITY = DISTANCE/TIME ( In reality it is DISPLACEMENT/TIME)

By modifying it for our requirement we have 

TIME= DISTANCE/ VELOCITY 

Modeling

Now let us do some mathematical modeling for our reasoning.

So from the table above we can infer something very interesting but tricky. LET’S DO IT.

>       Sun is a star. It is missive and produces light due to the chemical reactions of a complicated network of gases. It is just to give a comparison. 

>       Pluto is a distinct object in our solar system. Imagine that a movie (like Avengers endgame) is playing there is a very big screen so that you can watch it with the help of a normal telescope-like CelestronAstroMaster 130 EQ (roughly cost 25000₹). The movie will get over by 3 hours In Pluto but on earth, it will be visible after 6 months. So if you are watching a movie like that now, in reality, the movie was played in Pluto 6 months before. ISN’T IT AMAZING? So in simple words, you are observing the past in your present.

>       So ALPHA CENTAURI A is a star that is closest to earth other than the sun. But if you are observing it using the Hubble telescope then we are watching the happenings that took place almost 4200 years ago in that star at that period in the earth we were constructing the great pyramid of Giza. Again it is evident that we are watching the past.

 

Creator: Diego Fiore  Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto      

Creator: Diego Fiore  Credit: Getty Images/iStockphoto 

Summery

The farther away an object is, the longer its light takes to reach us. When you look across the room, you see something as it was a few billionths of a second ago, and when you look at the moon, you see the light that left it a little more than 1 second ago. If our star, the Sun, were to suddenly burn out, we wouldn't even know it for more than 8 minutes, because the last bit of light that left it would take that long to travel to Earth! Don't worry, though. The Sun is going to last for another 5 billion years or so! But what about all the distant stars? It takes much longer for their light to reach us. When you look at the stars at night, you are seeing light that may have taken 20 or 30 or even a few hundred years to reach your eyes. You are looking back in time. The distances in the universe are so vast that scientists use the term "light year" to measure them (A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, or 10 trillion kilometers. That's 10000000000000 km!).

VINCENT VAN GOGH: STARRY NIGHT from vangoghgallery

 

REFERENCE AND INSPIRATIONS

§  spaceplace.nasa.gov(Hubble telescope).

§  MIT OCW Classical mechanics(2018) [Inspiration].

§  Berkeley physics course volume 1 by C.Kittel [Inspiration].

§  Where are stars – NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC You Tube.